PASADENA, Calif. - A “pre-existing condition” in the North Indian Ocean stoked the sudden intensification of last year’s Tropical Cyclone Nargis just before its devastating landfall in Burma, according to a new NASA/university study. The cyclone became Burma’s worst natural disaster ever and one of the deadliest cyclones of all time.

Scientists at the National Taiwan University, Taipei; and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., used data from satellite altimeters, measurements of ocean depth and temperature and an ocean model to analyze the ocean conditions present at the time of the catastrophic storm. Nargis intensified from a relatively weak category 1 storm to a category 4 monster during its final 24 hours before making landfall on May 2, 2008.

Lead author I-I Lin of National Taiwan University and her team found the ocean conditions Nargis encountered created the perfect recipe for disaster. Cyclones thrive on warm layers of ocean water that are at least 26 degrees Celsius (79 degrees Fahrenheit). As they traverse the ocean, they typically draw deep, cold water up to the ocean surface, a process that limits their ability to strengthen, and even weakens them as they evolve. However, Nargis passed over a pre-existing warm ocean feature in the Bay of Bengal where upper ocean warm waters extended deeper than normal, from 73 to 101 meters (240 to 331 feet).

“This abnormally thick, warm water layer, which formed about a month earlier, kept deeper, colder waters from being drawn to the surface, increasing the energy available to fuel Nargis’ growth by 300 percent,” said Lin. “Combined with other atmospheric conditions conducive to strengthening, this warm ocean feature allowed Nargis to reach speeds of 115 knots [213 kilometers, or 132 miles, per hour] at landfall. Had Nargis not encountered this warm ocean feature, it would likely not have had sufficient energy to intensify rapidly.”

Nargis’ rapid intensification occurred predominantly over warm ocean regions where sea surface temperatures ranged between 30 and 30.2 degrees Celsius (about 86 degrees Fahrenheit) and sea surface heights ranged from 6 to 20 centimeters (2.4 to 7.9 inches) above normal. Between May 1 and 2, 2008, the storm intensified from category 1 to category 4. When Nargis briefly passed outside the warm ocean region on May 2, it weakened somewhat, only to strengthen once again as it returned to the warm ocean feature. Warm ocean features in the Gulf of Mexico contributed to the rapid intensification of hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005.

Lin said the research will contribute to improving our understanding of and ability to forecast catastrophic events like Nargis in the future, reducing loss of life and property. “Such a capability is particularly needed in developing countries, where less advanced cyclone monitoring and warning systems can leave people with little time to escape from disaster,” she said.

The scientists compared the thermal structure of the upper ocean waters within the warm ocean feature during the storm with its thermal structure under normal climatological conditions. Study data came from the international Argo float program, NASA’s Jason-1 satellite, the European Space Agency’s Environmental Satellite, the U.S. Navy’s GEOSAT Follow-On satellite and NOAA’s Global Temperature and Salinity Profile Program data base. The satellite data were used to derive the upper ocean thermal structure for regions where no suitable direct measurements were available.

“This research demonstrates a significant potential benefit of using altimeter data for operational weather forecasting and tropical cyclone intensity predictions,” said study co-author Tim Liu of JPL. “Current hurricane analyses include variations in ocean heat, which can be revealed by ocean altimeters. Satellites like NASA’s Jason-1 and Ocean Surface Topography Mission/Jason-2 make important contributions to the operational monitoring and prediction of tropical cyclones, as have other NASA satellites.”

The Northern Indian Ocean now has its first cyclone of their season. Cyclone 1B formed late on Tuesday, Apr. 14, Eastern Time. It has now strengthened from a low pressure area into a tropical depression and is expected to bring rains and gusty winds to the northeast coastal areas of India before moving away.

Before Cyclone 1B strengthened into a tropical depression, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) labeled it System 94B. That was so the forecasters at JTWC could keep track of the storm. It just means that it’s the 94th low pressure area they’ve watched this season.

On Apr. 15 at 09:00 UTC (5 a.m. EDT), Cyclone 1B had maximum sustained winds near 35 knots (40 mph) as confirmed by NASA’s QuikSCAT satellite. Any strengthening will be slow to occur, because of adverse atmospheric conditions (i.e. wind shear – winds blowing in different directions at different heights in the atmosphere). It was moving northwest near 9 knots (10mph) towards the Indian coast. It is expected to brush the coast and then be pushed further east into the Bay of Bengal because of a developing high pressure system over India.

Cyclone 1B was about 380 miles east-northeast of Chennai, India near 14.7 degrees north latitude and 86.6 degrees east longitude. That puts the center of the storm about west of center between India and Burma (or Myanmar) in the Bay of Bengal.

According to the JTWC, the threatened landmasses include the Andaman Islands, India, Bangladesh, and Burma (Myanmar). There are already warnings posted for the Indian coast, and the Andaman Islands can expect gale force winds before 09:00 UTC on Apr. 16. The coasts of Orissa and Andra Pradesh may experience gales within the next day after.

Tropical Storm:

A tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind speed (using the U.S. 1-minute average) ranges from 34 kt (39 mph or 63 km/hr) to 63 kt (73 mph or 118 km/hr).

Tropical Storm Warning:

A warning that sustained winds within the range of 34 to 63 kt (39 to 73 mph or 63 to 118 km/hr) associated with a tropical cyclone are expected in a specified coastal area within 24 hours or less.

Tropical Storm Watch:

An announcement for specific coastal areas that tropical storm conditions are possible within 36 hours.

Tropical Wave:

A trough or cyclonic curvature maximum in the trade-wind easterlies. The wave may reach maximum amplitude in the lower middle troposphere.

A disturbance tracked into the eastern Pacific near the end of August. It slowly organized itself, and was determined to have become Tropical Depression Eleven on the morning of September 2 and became a tropical storm that day and was named Karina. At first it was thought that it skipped tropical Depression status. On the afternoon of September 2 it reached it peak of 40 mph. Karina weakened to a tropical depression later the same day. The depression dissipated late the next morning.

For several hundred years many hurricanes in the West Indies were named after the particular saint’s day on which the hurricane occurred. Ivan R. Tannehill describes in his book “Hurricanes” the major tropical storms of recorded history and mentions many hurricanes named after saints. For example, there was “Hurricane Santa Ana” which struck Puerto Rico with exceptional violence on July 26, 1825, and “San Felipe” (the first) and “San Felipe” (the second) which hit Puerto Rico on September 13 in both 1876 and 1928.

Tannehill also tells of Clement Wragge, an Australian meteorologist who began giving women’s names to tropical storms before the end of the l9th century.

An early example of the use of a woman’s name for a storm was in the novel “Storm” by George R. Stewart, published by Random House in 1941, and since filmed by Walt Disney. During World War II this practice became widespread in weather map discussions among forecasters, especially Air Force and Navy meteorologists who plotted the movements of storms over the wide expanses of the Pacific Ocean.

In 1953, the United States abandoned a confusing two-year old plan to name storms by a phonetic alphabet (Able, Baker, Charlie) when a new, international phonetic alphabet was introduced. That year, the United States began using female names for storms.

The practice of naming hurricanes solely after women came to an end in 1978 when men’s and women’s names were included in the Eastern North Pacific storm lists. In 1979, male and female names were included in lists for the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico.